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HIV infection

HIV infection is a condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The condition gradually destroys the immune system, which makes it harder for the body to fight infections.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be spread by the following:

• Through sexual contact -- including oral, vaginal, and anal sex
• Through blood -- through blood transfusions, accidental needle sticks, or needle sharing
• From mother to child -- a pregnant woman can transmit the virus to her fetus through their shared blood circulation, or a nursing mother can pass it to her baby in her breast milk

Rare ways the virus may be spread include:

• Accidental needle injury
• Artificial insemination with infected semen
• Organ transplantation with infected organs

Blood banks and orang donor programs screen donors, blood, and tissues thoroughly to prevent the risk of infection. HIV is NOT transmitted to a person who DONATES blood or organs. People who donate organs are never in direct contact with people who receive them. Likewise, a person who donates blood is never in contact with the person receiving it. In all these procedures, sterile needles and instruments are used.

HIV infection is NOT spread by:

• Casual contact such as hugging
• Mosquitoes
• Participation in sports
• Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus

People at highest risk for getting HIV include:

• Injection drug users who share needles
• Infants born to mothers with HIV who didn't receive HIV therapy during pregnancy
• People who have unprotected sex, especially with people who have other high-risk behaviors, are HIV-positive, or have AIDS
• People who received blood transfusions or clotting products between 1977 and 1985 (before screening for the virus became standard practice)

Sexual partners of those who participate in high-risk activities (such as injection drug use or anal sex)

Symptoms

People who become infected with HIV may not have any symptoms for up to 10 years, but they can still pass the infection to others. After you come in contact with the virus, it can take up to 3 months for a blood test to show that you have HIV.

Symptoms related to HIV are usually due to a different infection in the body. Some symptoms related to HIV infection include:

• Diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Frequent vaginal yeast infections
• Headache
• Mouth sores, including yeast infection (thrush)
• Muscle stiffness or aching
• Rashes of different types, including seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis
• Sore throat
• Swollen lymph glands

Note: Many people have no symptoms when they are diagnosed with HIV.

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